Titanic Survival by Passenger Class
Reviewed by the crosstabs.com methods team · Last updated
In this table, passenger class is significantly associated with outcome — a small association: χ²(3, N = 2201) = 190.40, p < .001, V = .29.
The data
| Passenger class \ Outcome | Survived | Died | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | 203 | 122 | 325 |
| Second | 118 | 167 | 285 |
| Third | 178 | 528 | 706 |
| Crew | 212 | 673 | 885 |
| Total | 711 | 1,490 | 2,201 |
Background
The same Board of Trade counts can be sliced by ticket class instead of sex. This 4×2 table covers all 2,201 people aboard: first-, second-, and third-class passengers plus the ship's crew, against whether they survived the sinking.
The survival gradient is steep. Roughly 62% of first-class passengers survived, 41% of second class, 25% of third class, and 24% of the crew. The crosstab turns an anecdote about class and lifeboat access into a testable question: is class independent of survival?
With four rows the table is no longer 2×2, so Fisher's exact test and the odds ratio don't apply directly — the chi-square test with 3 degrees of freedom and Cramér's V carry the analysis.
Results
Chi-square test
χ² = 190.40
df = 3, p < .001
Effect size
Cramér's V = 0.294
a small association
APA-style report: χ²(3, N = 2201) = 190.40, p < .001, V = .29. N = 2,201.
Interpretation
The chi-square test rejects independence at the conventional 0.05 level (p < .001): a pattern this strong is unlikely if passenger class and outcomewere unrelated. Cramér's V of 0.294 puts this in the small range — the association is real but modest — knowing one variable tells you only a little about the other.
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